Add Charge Add Charge icon

Atoms can be labeled to show charge values.

Add Charge assigns atomic partial charges and Amber/GAFF atom types as the attributes charge and gaffType, respectively.

Atomic partial charges (and optionally, Amber/GAFF atom types) are included in saved Mol2 files. The charges and Amber/GAFF atom types are used by other Chimera tools such as Minimize Structure.

Charge assignment requires explicit hydrogens, which can be added beforehand with AddH. Structures often have problems such as truncated sidechains that can lead to non-integral net charges. The Dock Prep tool includes options for fixing such problems prior to running AddH and Add Charge. See also: PDB2PQR, Coulombic Surface Coloring, APBS, Add Ions, Write Prmtop, reading charges from files

There are several ways to start Add Charge, a tool in the Structure Analysis and Structure Editing categories. Add Charge is also implemented as the command addcharge.

Models to process can be chosen from the list with the left mouse button. Ctrl-click toggles the status of an individual model. To choose a block of models without dragging, click on the first (or last) and then Shift-click on the last (or first) in the desired block.

Standard residues can be assigned parameters from any of the following force fields (details):

Monatomic ions are simply assigned their net charges. Other residues can be handled with either of the following charge calculation methods (details):

The partial atomic charges can be shown as labels in nonstandard residues and/or standard residues. Labels will be shown for displayed atoms only. If charge labels are not shown with Add Charge, they can still be shown at some later point with Actions... Label... other (label with attribute charge) or commands:
Command: labelopt info charge
Command: label
Some subset of the atoms could be specified with the label command, whereas the above would label all displayed atoms.

OK initiates processing and dismisses the dialog, Apply initiates processing without dismissing the dialog, and Close simply dismisses the dialog. Help opens this manual page in a browser window.

AddH will be called as needed to add hydrogens. Potentially ambiguous or rare (shifted-pKa) protonation states, especially in binding sites and nonstandard residues, should be verified and corrected before charges are assigned. For example, extra hydrogens can be deleted, and atom types can be edited (before hydrogen addition) with setattr or Build Structure.

If there are any nonstandard residues, a dialog will appear for specifying their net charges. Names of the form RES1+RES2 indicate covalently bonded residues that will be treated as a single unit, and the net charge is for the combined entity. The charge calculation method can be changed at this point, if desired.

If a nucleic acid chain has a 5' terminal phosphate, the user will be asked whether this group should be deleted; otherwise, its atoms will be assigned charges of zero (the charge sets lack parameters for 5' phosphates).

A warning will appear if the name of any atom in a standard residue is not recognized or a model's net charge is not an integer; details will be reported in the Reply Log. Cases of unrecognized atoms in standard residues and/or incorrect net charges should be examined and resolved. Note that chain-terminal nucleotide residues will normally have non-integral charges, but the 5' and 3' charges sum to an integer.

Details for Standard Residues

Atoms in standard residues (water, standard amino acids, standard nucleic acids, and a few common variants and capping groups) are assigned charges and atom types taken from Amber parameter files. Lookup tables are also used for certain cofactors.

Charge model corresponds to force field version (see the Amber documentation for further details):

The parameters include alternative sidechain protonation states for some standard residues. By default, AddH adds hydrogens to generate the states shown in bold below, although it does not remove hydrogens already present. The nondefault states can be attained by deleting hydrogens and/or editing atom types (with setattr or Build Structure) before adding hydrogens: Water charges correspond to the TIP3P model:
Comparison of simple potential functions for simulating liquid water. Jorgensen WL, Chandrasekhar J, Madura JD. J Chem Phys. 1983 Jul 15;79(2):926-35.
Note different solvent charge sets can be obtained using Solvate. Charges previously assigned to solvent atoms by Solvate are not overwritten by Add Charge. However, Minimize Structure will still use the TIP3P model for the remaining water parameters.

Charges for the cofactors ATP, ADP, GTP, and GDP are simply taken from the Amber parameter database (Bryce Group, University of Manchester).

Cases of unrecognized atoms in standard residues and/or incorrect net charges should be examined and resolved. Approaches include:

Nonstandard Residues and Antechamber

Monatomic ions are simply assigned their net charges. For other nonstandard residues (those not classified as standard), charges and GAFF atom types are determined using Amber's Antechamber module, which is included with Chimera. The available charge calculation methods are:

While both methods are much faster than ab initio calculations, the Gasteiger method is the faster and more approximate of the two.

Note that Antechamber/GAFF are meant to handle most small organic molecules, but not metal complexes, inorganic compounds, or unstable species such as radicals, and may not work well on highly charged molecules.

Publications involving Antechamber use should cite:

Automatic atom type and bond type perception in molecular mechanical calculations. Wang J, Wang W, Kollman PA, Case DA. J Mol Graph Model. 2006 Oct;25(2):247-60.
GAFF atom types and associated parameters are described online and in:
Development and testing of a general amber force field. Wang J, Wolf RM, Caldwell JW, Kollman PA, Case DA. J Comput Chem. 2004 Jul 15;25(9):1157-74.

Additional Parameter Sources

Additional sources of charges and other parameters include:

Reading Charges from Files

Attribute assignment. Charges can be specified arbitrarily in a simple text attribute assignment file, read in with Define Attribute or the command defattr.

PQR. The PQR variant of PDB format includes atomic partial charges and radii, which Chimera assigns as the atom attributes charge and radius.

Mol2. When a structure is read from a Mol2 file, the Sybyl atom types and any partial charges are stored as the atom attributes mol2type and charge.

PubChem SDF. When a structure is read from a 3D SDF fetched or obtained directly from PubChem3D, values in the section marked <PUBCHEM_MMFF94_PARTIAL_CHARGES> are stored as the atom attribute named charge.

Topology files. Partial charges in some of the topology formats (Amber, PSF) input to MD Movie are stored as the atom attribute named charge.

UCSF Computer Graphics Laboratory / August 2015